This paper provides a comprehensive review of lithium-ion battery recycling, covering topics such as current recycling technologies, technological advancements, policy gaps, design strategies, funding for pilot projects, and a comprehensive strategy for battery recycling.
Strong growth in lithium-ion battery (LIB) demand requires a robust understanding of both costs and environmental impacts across the value-chain. Recent announcements of LIB manufacturers to venture into cathode active material (CAM) synthesis and recycling expands the process segments under their influence.
Gucciardi, Galceran, Bustinza, Bekaert and Casas-Cabanas [] examined the concept of recycling calendar-aged Li-ion batteries and using their positive electrode in Na-ion batteries. The authors showed that calendar-aged LiFePO 4 -based batteries could be used in Na-ion technology.
It is shown that financially viable recycling can be achieved via (i) recycling in locations with low labor and fixed costs such as in China, which reaches an NRP of up to 21.91 $·kWh −1, (ii) the reduction of transportation costs, where in-country recycling reduces
Schematic diagram of lithium-ion battery (LIB), description of LIB components, background on aging, LIB recycling publications by country/region, top LIB recycling patent assignees, costs and benefits of LIB recycling, methods for recycling LIB, LIB recycling)
Here we use an attributional life-cycle analysis, and process-based cost models, to examine the greenhouse gas emissions, energy inputs and costs associated with producing and recycling...
The main factors are (1) the refurbishment cost of putting the battery into a second-use application and (2) any credit that would accrue as the result of recycling the battery instead; if...
Introduction. Valued at close to 120.5 billion United States dollars (USD) in 2020, the overall battery market has continued to grow 1. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have steadily increased in...
The key elements of this policy framework are: a) encouragement of manufacturers to design batteries for easy disassembly; b) obligation of manufacturers to provide the technical information necessary for EOL battery treatment; c) promotion of cascaded
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